Obviously, battles between pirates or buccaneers and their prey or adversaries led to injuries, and life on ship or in tropical climes brought disease . . . so, what did they do? Leo Eloesser introduces us to the doctors who rode the high seas with their pirate and buccaneer brethren. Highly respected onboard, but often as villainous as their shipmates, these doctors practiced under unusual conditions, whether dealing with lost limbs or STDs. This is a reprint of the original 30-page article from the Annals of Medical History.